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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Macrosociolinguistics and Minority Languages</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Macrosociolinguistics and Minority Languages</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Macrosociolinguistics and Minority Languages</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-5997</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">48877</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2949-5997-2025-3-1-7-18</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ATTEII</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Typology of language situations</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Типология языковых ситуаций</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Bilingualism and linguistic identity: Language planning strategies in multilingual Kazakhstan, Canada, and Belgium</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Билингвизм и языковая идентичность: стратегии управления мультилингвизмом в Казахстане, Канаде и Бельгии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1710-0791</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57203212459</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8414-9934</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bayanbayeva</surname><given-names>Zhadyra Amangeldievna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баянбаева</surname><given-names>Жадыра Амангельдиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>senior lecturer at the Department of Russian Philology and World Literature</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший преподаватель кафедры русской филологии и мировой литературы</p></bio><email>bayanbaevazhadra@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazakh National University named after Al-Farabi</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казахский национальный университет имени аль-Фараби</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 3, NO1 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 3, №1 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-13"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Bayanbayeva Z.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Баянбаева Ж.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bayanbayeva Z.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Баянбаева Ж.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://macrosociolingusictics.ru/MML/article/view/48877">https://macrosociolingusictics.ru/MML/article/view/48877</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In an environment of concurrent trends toward globalization and regionalization, as well as the strengthening of processes associated with the reinforcement of national identity, the effective management of linguistic diversity becomes a key task for multilingual and multicultural states. These processes affect both indigenous titular and minority languages, as well as exogenous standard languages. Bilingualism, being the norm in such societies, is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a powerful factor in shaping identity that requires thoughtful policy. The aim of this study is to analyze how bilingualism affects language identity and what the strategies for its regulation are in contexts with different sociolinguistic configurations of language situations. Based on a macro-sociolinguistic approach and a comparative analysis of the language policy models of Kazakhstan, Canada, and Belgium, the study shows that the success of measures to regulate and manage multilingualism directly correlates with the consideration of the specifics of the language situation. Primarily, this refers to parameters such as the type of territorial distribution of languages, the type of their standardization, the degree of autochthonous status, and its significance for the language community. The results demonstrate that the sustainability of multilingualism and the avoidance of conflict dynamics directly depend on systemic state support and management, the effective model of which can vary: asymmetric bilingualism in Kazakhstan, institutional in Canada, territorial in Belgium. The key conclusion is that the success of language policy is based on flexible and inclusive strategies that integrate education, media, and intercultural dialogue, where bilingualism is viewed as a resource for social development and integration, rather than as a problem.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В условиях одновременного роста тенденций к глобализации и регионализации, а таже усиления процессов, связанных с укреплением национальной идентичности, эффективное управление языковым разнообразием становится ключевой задачей для мультиязычных и поликультурных государств. Эти процессы затрагивают как автохтонные титульные и миноритарные, так и экзогенные стандартные языки. Билингвизм, будучи нормой в таких обществах, представляет собой не только лингвистический феномен, но и мощный фактор формирования идентичности, требующий продуманной политики. Цель исследования - проанализировать, каким образом билингвизм влияет на языковую идентичность и каковы стратегии его регулирования в контекстах с разной социолингвистической конфигурацией языковых ситуаций. На основе макросоциолингвистического подхода и сравнительного анализа моделей языковой политики Казахстана, Канады и Бельгии показано, что успешность мер по регулированию и управлению мультилингвизмом прямо коррелирует с учетом особенностей языковой ситуации, в первую очередь речь идет о таких параметрах, как тип территориального распределения языков, тип их стандартизации, степень автохтонности и ее значимость для языкового сообщества. Результаты демонстрируют, что устойчивость многоязычия и избегание динамики конфликта напрямую зависят от системной государственной поддержки и управления, эффективная модель которых может быть различной: асимметричный билингвизм в Казахстане, институциональный - в Канаде, территориальный - в Бельгии. Ключевой вывод заключается в том, что успешность языковой политики базируется на гибких и инклюзивных стратегиях, интегрирующих образование, медиа и межкультурный диалог, где билингвизм рассматривается как ресурс для социального развития и интеграции, а не как проблема.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>language policy</kwd><kwd>language ideologies</kwd><kwd>language regulation</kwd><kwd>language situation</kwd><kwd>multicultural society</kwd><kwd>territorial principle</kwd><kwd>personality principle</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>языковая политика</kwd><kwd>языковые идеологии</kwd><kwd>языковая регуляция</kwd><kwd>языковая ситуация</kwd><kwd>поликультурное общество</kwd><kwd>территориальный принцип</kwd><kwd>личностный принцип</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alyunina, Y.M. (2023). 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